Niacin - nicotinamide acid is the so-called precursor of NAD – nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, meaning it is needed for NAD to be formed in the body. NAD is a very important and indispensable substance involved in the energy metabolism of cells and thus in the functioning of the whole organism. It is important in the catabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins, and is likewise important in cell signalling and DNA repair. As age increases, the amount of NAD in the body decreases and the organism ages, which is, among other things, defined as a declining ability to repair defects in the organism and replace damaged or dead cells with new ones. Vitamin B3 also contributes to the normal function of the nervous system and to normal psychological function, and to maintaining the normal condition of mucous membranes and skin. Raising intracellular NAD+ levels affects increased energy production and the regulation of cellular repair. The slow, inevitable process of ageing has in fact been described as "a cascade of decline in resilience or stability triggered by a decrease in systemic NAD+ biosynthesis and subsequent functional defects in sensitive organs and tissues". Ageing is characterised by epigenetic changes, genomic instability, altered nutrient-sensing ability, telomere attrition, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion and dysregulated intercellular communication. In middle age, NAD+ levels drop sharply to half the level present in youth.

Many studies have shown that raising NAD+ levels increases insulin sensitivity, reverses mitochondrial dysfunction and extends lifespan. (Suave AA. NAD+ and vitamin B3: from metabolism to therapies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008. March;324(3):883-93, Lee CF, et al. Targeting NAD+ Metabolism as Interventions for Mitochondrial Disease. Sci Rep. 2019. February 28;9(1):3073). NAD+ levels can be raised by activating enzymes that stimulate NAD+ synthesis, by inhibiting the enzyme (CD38) that degrades NAD+, and by supplementing NAD precursors.

Dosage:

Dog's weight	Dose
0 – 5 kg	1 capsule every other day
5 – 10 kg	1 capsule daily
10 – 25 kg	2 capsules daily
25 – 40 kg	3 capsules daily
40 kg and more	4 capsules daily

Directions for use: Capsules are given daily according to the recommended dosage, placed in the animal's mouth with a small piece of food, or the capsule can be opened and its contents sprinkled onto the food.

FOR ANIMAL USE ONLY!

Pack size: 60 capsules